Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D.Bouché – Central and South America.Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria. Phytolacca pruinosa Fenzl - Levantine Pokeweed.Phytolacca polyandra Batalin – Central and southwest China (syn.Subtropical and tropical regions worldwide (sometimes included in P. Phytolacca japonica Makino – Eastern Asia (syn.Phytolacca chilensis Miers – central Chile (possibly synonymous with P.Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth – Tropical and subtropical South America (sometimes included in P.A Comprehensive Field Guide, first and 2nd editions. Black and Judziewicz report it in Dane County, Wisconsin in their 20 books (Wildflowers of Wisconsin and the Great Lakes Region. The following species are accepted by one or more regional floras: dioica forms a substantial tree Nymboida National Park, NSW, Australia, August 2014. Selected species Although many species are herbaceous, P. They develop into globose berries 4 to 12 millimetres (0.2 to 0.5 in) diameter, green at first, ripening dark purple to black. The flowers are greenish-white to pink, produced in long racemes at the ends of the stems. They have alternate simple leaves, pointed at the end, with entire or crinkled margins the leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen. The genus comprises about 25 to 35 species of perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees growing from 1 to 25 m (3 to 80 ft) tall. The small seeds with very hard outer shells remain intact in the digestive system and are eliminated whole. The berries are eaten by birds, which are not affected by the toxin. Phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin are present (in the leaves, stems, roots, blossoms, berries etc.) in many species which are poisonous to mammals if not prepared properly. The generic name is derived from the Greek word φυτόν ( phyton), meaning 'plant,' and the Latin word lacca, a red dye. Other names for species of Phytolacca include inkberry and ombú. Some members of the genus are known as pokeweeds or similar names such as pokebush, pokeberry, pokeroot or poke sallet. Phytolacca is a genus of perennial plants native to North America, South America and East Asia. (Click here to view animations of the seasonal changes in concentration of particulate matter from coal plants across India.Not to be confused with Veratrum viride, also called Indian poke. If the study convinces policy makers of the need to put in place stringent standards and enforce them – then it may be a start to a broader conversation on our energy needs and the environmental and health costs Second, it shows that despite the air pollution it causes, there are minimal regulations in place to address the air pollution impacts. While this may seem basic, it is unfortunate that this sort of information has not been published previously and we hope that it presents policy makers with evidence as to air pollutionĪnd health impacts of the sector. First, it presents data on emissions, concentrations and health We feel that this study is important on two fronts. Power plants, industries, household fuels, and others. We need to know the status of air pollution and contributions from various sources like transport, In order for the public to demand action on controlling the air pollution, we feel that the information is the key element. It is a matter of mandating procedures like flue-gas desulfurization, which could take care of about 30 percent of the particulate pollution from the coal-fired power plants in the form of sulfates, a secondaryįrom epidemiological studies and the recent Global Burden of Disease assessments, it is evident that outdoor air pollution is one of the key sources of disease and death in India. Technologies for controlling particulates and sulfur dioxide exist. Monitor and enforce this compared to non-point sources such as vehicles, domestic combustion, brick kilns, etc., that are dispersed and that, while individually smaller than power plants, in combination are majorįor a start, regulators need to set standards, maintain continuous monitoring systems, provide public access to these data and enforce compliance. Without standards, there is no incentive for power plants to reduce emissions to meet them.Īs a significant “point-source” of air pollution, one would think that it is relatively easy to monitor 111 existing coal plants and regulate these “points.” It is in many ways easier to As we mentioned earlier – we have no standards for pollutants, except particulate matter, from power plants, which is shocking given thatĬoal-based power accounts for about 60 percent of our electricity. The lack of standards and enforcement of these are complementary issues.

India ink plant